How close to a pendulum is human upper limb movement during walking?

A vast majority of people exhibited an actual angular velocity exceeding the expected theoretical angular velocity calculated for a virtual pendulum of similar mass and length characteristics. This may be due to muscle forces that are contributing to the motion of the upper limb during walking rather than simple gravity force acting alone. The observed positional potential energy of the dominant limb was greater than that of the non-dominant limb for the vast majority of participants.