Insights from paleogenomic and population studies into the consequences of dosage sensitive gene expression in plants

► Classical phenotypic studies comparing aneuploidy and ploidysuggested a genomic balance. ► There are more gene expression modulations inaneuploids than in ploidy changes. ► Multiple polyploidy formations in plants are followed by reduction back toward the diploid level. ► Members of macromolecular complexes are preferentially retained for longer time periods. ► By contrast, members of complexes are preferentially underrepresented in segmental changes.