Combined micro-scale and macro-scale modeling of the composite electrode of a solid oxide fuel cell

The design of a cathode inter-layer is important to the high performance of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). In this paper, the processes of electrochemical reactions, electronic and ionic conductions and gas transports in an SOFC are discussed in detail. An analysis shows that the current conduction and electrochemical processes can be replicated by an equivalent circuit model. A corresponding macro-scale model using the Butler–Volmer equation for electrochemical reactions, Ohm's law for current conduction and the Dusty-gas model for gas transport is described. A percolation theory based micro-model is used to obtain the effective electrode properties in the macro-model from the microstructure parameters of the porous electrode. Experimental I–V relations can be accurately accounted for by the proposed theory. The macro- and micro-models are then combined to systematically examine the effects of various parameters on the performance of a composite cathode inter-layer. The examined parameters include the thickness, effective electronic and ionic conductivities, exchange current density, operating temperature, output current density, electrode- and electrolyte-particle radii, composition and porosity of the cathode inter-layer. The comprehensive study shows conclusively that a cathode inter-layer thickness in a range of 10–20 μm is optimal for all practical material choices and microstructure designs.