Cold priming drives the sub-cellular antioxidant systems to protect photosynthetic electron transport against subsequent low temperature stress in winter wheat

Low temperature seriously depresses the growth of wheat through inhibition of photosynthesis, while earlier cold priming may enhance the tolerance of plants to subsequent low temperature stress. Here, winter wheat plants were firstly cold primed (5.2 °C lower temperature than the ambient temperature, viz., 10.0 °C) at the Zadoks growth stage 28 (i.e. re-greening stage, starting on 20th of March) for 7 d, and after 14 d of recovery the plants were subsequently subjected to a 5 d low temperature stress (8.4 °C lower than the ambient temperature, viz., 14.1 °C) at the Zadoks growth stage 31 (i.e. jointing stage, starting on 8th April). Compared to the non-primed plants, the cold-primed plants possessed more effective oxygen scavenging systems in chloroplasts and mitochondria as exemplified by the increased activities of SOD, APX and CAT, resulting in a better maintenance in homeostasis of ROS production. The trapped energy flux (TRO/CSO) and electron transport (ETO/CSO) in the photosynthetic apparatus were found functioning well in the cold-primed plants leading to higher photosynthetic rate during the subsequent low temperature stress. Collectively, the results indicate that cold priming activated the sub-cellular antioxidant systems, depressing the oxidative burst in photosynthetic apparatus, hereby enhanced the tolerance to subsequent low temperature stress in winter wheat plants.