Predator learning, experimental psychology and novel predictions for mimicry dynamics

The evolution of warning coloration and defensive mimicry is driven by predator avoidance learning and behaviour. Behavioural ecologists who study the evolution of warning signals have recognized the significance of predator learning and memory; however, empirical work on animal learning from experimental psychology can further inform our predictions of predator behaviour. This paper explores how information from experimental psychology can improve our conceptualization of predator learning and memory. I consider how relevant findings in animal learning, particularly the importance of contextual cues in mediating behaviour, may provide new insight for the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of defensive mimicry. Specifically, work in animal learning psychology predicts that (1) a Batesian mimic will be less disadvantageous for the model species than previously assumed, (2) contextual cues will be a selective agent in behaviour and/or distribution of model and mimic individuals and (3) multimodal signals will contribute to context specificity in model and mimic species, particularly in species with no opportunity for unique ecological cues. These predictions may help to explain ecological/behavioural empirical evidence currently considered incongruous with predictions from mimicry theory.