The reproductive conditions of male shrimps, genus Penaeus, sub-genus Litopenaeus (open thelyca penaeoid shrimps): A review

Male reproductive performance in penaeoid aquaculture is a major issue. This review evaluates the current knowledge on male reproduction of open thelyca penaeoid shrimps. This group of shrimp belongs to the genus Penaeus, sub-genus Litopenaeus, and presents a unique reproductive model, characterized by complex spermatophores and thelyca without seminal receptacles; however, sperm seem to reach maturation and capacitation on the open thelyca. Males of this group adapt differently to captivity, being P. (Litopenaeus) vannamei the best adapted species. Nevertheless, three problematic conditions develop in confined environments in one or more species: male reproductive tract degenerative syndrome (MRTDS), male reproductive system melanization (MRSM), and spermatophore deterioration (SD).