Reproduction in female South American camelids: A review and clinical observations

Female South American camelids present striking reproductive peculiarities compared to other domestic livestock. Characteristics such as induced ovulation, pregnancy recognition and maintenance make reproductive management relatively challenging for practitioners with limited exposure to these species. The aim of this paper is to review the current state of knowledge in reproductive physiology and infertility in these species. Following a brief review of the distinctive anatomical features, we describe the follicular wave patterns in non-mated and mated females, mechanisms of ovulation and corpus luteum development as well as fertilisation and pregnancy. Endocrinology of follicle growth, pregnancy, parturition and the post-partum period are described. The paper concludes with a review of the main causes of infertility, early embryonic death and abortion based on clinical observations by the authors.