Molecular and biochemical characterization of defense responses in ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) roots challenged with Fusarium equiseti

Fusarium equiseti causes a discoloration on ginseng roots that significantly affects their marketability. The cellular and biochemical changes in affected roots that lead to this symptom, as well as differential gene expression following pathogen inoculation were studied. Accumulation of phenolics, cell disruption, and development of a zone of lignified cells were observed in affected tissues. A number of genes involved in host defense responses, particularly those induced by jasmonic acid and genes mediating phenolic production and detoxification, were up-regulated. The defense reactions in the perennial roots of ginseng are highlighted and compared to those of other plant species.