The use of soil respiration as an ecological indicator in arid ecosystems of the SE of Spain: Spatial variability and controlling factors

In the context of an ongoing monitoring study of the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park (SE of Spain), we explored the use of soil respiration as an indicator of ecosystem functioning reflecting changes in ecological processes in semiarid environments. With this purpose, we measured soil CO2 efflux in six different and representative ecosystems of the Natural Park, with different land uses (forest and agricultural sites) and under different soil covers (under plant and bare soil) in two distinctive periods of the year: summer (dry period) and spring (growing season). We also measured the main soil properties and environmental variables. Soil CO2 efflux ranged from 0.40 μmol m−2 s−1 in the dry period to 1.93 μmol m−2 s−1 in the growing season. Soil CO2 efflux showed a large spatial variability, with different behaviour between the measured periods. Whereas in the dry period differences among ecosystems were larger (CVs 75–80%) than within them (CVs 40–55%), in the growing season the CVs were smaller (40–50%) and no differences were observed between or within ecosystem. The factors controlling soil CO2 efflux also differed in the two measurement occasions. Whereas in the dry period soil CO2 efflux was mainly the result of transport processes in the soil and therefore related to local factors (OC content, CN ratio, clay, rock outcrop, etc.) assigned to ecosystem conditions, in the growing season soil CO2 efflux was dominated by soil CO2 production and thus related only to organic carbon content and plant cover. In the growing season environmental variables explained ca. 10% of the variation in soil CO2 efflux. In order to capture these different processes in different times of the year, i.e., diffusion versus production processes we calculated a new index, normalised seasonal difference in soil respiration (SDSR), which is proposed as a good indicator of the state and functioning of the ecosystem.

► We studied spatial variability of soil respiration at the landscape scale. ► Soil moisture controls the seasonal dynamics of CO2 efflux. ► In dry period CO2 efflux is related to local factors, and was results of transport processes. ► In the growing period CO2 efflux was dominated by soil CO2 production. ► We propose CO2 efflux as a potential indicator of ecosystem state and functioning.