Changes of population trends and mortality patterns in response to the reintroduction of large predators: The case study of African ungulates

► Lions have not reached their carrying capacity and did not affect ungulates in HiP. ► Only zebra in iMfolozi was affected by lion numbers. ► Several conditions are required to sustain predators and their prey in fenced areas. ► Carrying capacity and prey/lion ratios must be considered before lion reintroductions.