Evolution in Carex L. sect. Spirostachyae (Cyperaceae): A molecular and cytogenetic approach

Carex sect. Spirostachyae comprises 25 species displaying the centre of diversity in Eurasia. Phylogenetic analysis of the ITS nrDNA region of 20 species of sect. Spirostachyae, six species of sect. Ceratocystis, five species of sect. Elatae, and eight outgroup species reveals that neither sect. Spirostachyae nor sect. Elatae is monophyletic. With the exclusion of Carex cretica, the 19 species of sect. Spirostachyae studied form a clade with the five species of tropical-subtropical sect. Elatae. Taxonomy of the core Spirostachyae is not only mostly in agreement with our phylogenetic hypothesis, but also with ecological and new cytogenetic results. Two main groups with different chromosome numbers and edaphic preferences are identified in the core Spirostachyae. One includes primarily acidophilous species with high chromosome numbers (2n=(64)68-84), whereas the other one includes mainly basophilous species with lower chromosome numbers (2n=60-74(75)). Chromosome-number variation is extremely different in the core Spirostachyae, showing great stability in some widespread species (e.g. Carex extensa) but an active chromosome evolution - faster chromosomal rearrangements, fusion and fission events than ITS nucleotide substitutions - in more restricted species (e.g. Carex troodi). Biogeography of the two amphiatlantic pairs of species reveals two independent colonizations of South America from the European continent. The geographical barrier of the Strait of Gibraltar has played different roles in the course of evolution of this section, acting as an effective barrier to gene flow in one case (Carex helodes) but as a limited barrier or recent separation in two others (Carex distans, Carex punctata).