Article ID | Journal | Published Year | Pages | File Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
4504013 | Biological Control | 2013 | 7 Pages |
Abstract
⺠Cotesia vestalis was a dominant primary parasitoid of Plutella xylostella. ⺠It was also a secondary host to three obligate hyperparasitoid species. ⺠At low hyperparasitism, C. vestalis limited hosts available to competitors. ⺠As C. vestalis population declined, competitors parasitized more of available hosts. ⺠Species that are invulnerable to hyperparasitism took over role of the vulnerable.
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Authors
Robert S. Nofemela,