Low-altitude, high-resolution aerial imaging systems for row and field crop phenotyping: A review

•UAVs integrated with sensors can be used to evaluate in-field agronomic traits/phenotypes.•These techniques are high-throughput and provide quantitative data for decision making.•High-resolution imaging can complement and potentially replace the standard agronomic trait(s) evaluation in future.

Global plant genetics research efforts have focused on developing high yielding, stress tolerant, and disease resistant row and field crop varieties that are more efficient in their use of agronomic inputs (water, nutrients, pesticides, etc.). Until recently, a key bottleneck in such research was the lack of high-throughput sensing technologies for effective and rapid evaluation of expressed phenotypes under field conditions for holistic data-driven decision making and variety selection. This review focuses on technological aspects of integrating unmanned aerial vehicles with imaging systems to enhance field phenotyping capabilities. The state-of-the-art of unmanned aerial vehicle technology for various applications including crop emergence, vigor, and characterization of yield potential of row and field crops has been reviewed. The potential of using aerial imaging to evaluate resistance/susceptibility to biotic and abiotic stress for crop breeding and precision production management has been discussed along with future perspectives and developments.