Different types of fruit damages of three internal apple feeders diagnosed with mitochondrial molecular markers

Three tortricid pests, Grapholita dimorpha (Komai), G. molesta (Busck), and Carposina sasakii (Matsumura), are known as internal apple feeders in Korea. To identify young larvae, this study developed two types of molecular markers from their mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences. To this end, six different loci of mtDNA were sequenced in G. dimorpha: cytochrome oxidase subunit I (460 bp), cytochrome oxidase subunit II (446 bp), cytochrome b (308 bp), NADH dehydrogenase 3 (585 bp), NADH dehydrogenase 4 (ND4, 835 bp), and 16S rRNA (1300 bp). These sequences were compared with those of G. molesta and C. sasakii in order to develop PCR–RFLP and diagnostic primers. ND4 locus was selected to be used for developing a PCR–RFLP marker. ND4-Swa I digests showed two bands for G. dimorpha, one band for G. molesta, and three bands for C. sasakii. On the other hand, species-specific diagnostic PCR primers were developed using ND4 locus. These markers were then applied to diagnose larvae infesting apples to determine species-specific fruit damage patterns, in which G. dimorpha, G. molesta, and C. sasakii showed different feeding behaviors in terms of their main feeding sites in apple fruits.

Graphical abstractFigure optionsDownload full-size imageDownload as PowerPoint slideHighlights► Six mitochondrial genes were sequenced in Grapholita dimorpha. ► Three apple internal feeders are G. dimorpha, G. molesta, and Carposina sasakii. ► ND4-Swa I PCR–RFLP marker and diagnostic PCR primer marker were developed. ► Species-specific fruit damage patterns are determined by these molecular markers.