Urea loading from a spring storm-Knysna estuary, South Africa

Urea concentrations were tracked in the Knysna estuary, South Africa, following a strong initial storm of the austral summer rainy season in 2000. These post-storm urea concentrations are compared against a 1-year survey of these concentrations and demonstrate the initial and longer-term impacts of urea loading on a near-pristine estuary. Fifteen stations along the main channel of the estuary were sampled four times each, 2-4 weeks before the storm, providing and average urea concentration of 1.4 μmol N L−1. When these same stations were sampled 12 h after the storm the average urea concentration had increased to 9.4 μmol N L−1. The average urea concentration at these 15 stations remained high, averaging 10.2 μmol N L−1 and 10.0 μmol N L−1 36 and 84 h post-storm, respectively. The urea concentrations in the rivers supplying fresh water to the Knysna estuary, one draining pasturelands and the other draining informal housing settlements that relied on pit toilets and open sewers are also compared before and after this storm. These data suggest that spring storms significantly influence nutrient availability, which in turn, may be related to the large dinoflagellates blooms witnessed in the Knysna estuary during the later portion of the wet summer season.