Fruiting position during development of ‘Nules Clementine’ mandarin affects the concentration of K, Mg and Ca in the flavedo

Adequate K, Mg and Ca supply is important to develop well-structured and functional cell walls and membranes in fruit, and insufficient levels or imbalances of these minerals are known to be involved in various postharvest disorders. Microclimatic variation exists in the ‘Nules Clementine’ mandarin tree canopy and results in lower photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) levels and temperature as well as a higher humidity inside the tree canopy. The aim of this experiment was to determine the impact of this variation in microclimate on accumulation patterns of K, Ca and Mg in the flavedo of the fruit rind during stages II and III of fruit development. Fruit mass, dimensions, rind colour development and mineral composition of the flavedo were measured to describe the condition of fruit borne on the outside and inside of the tree's canopy. The data revealed that canopy position influenced mineral nutrient accumulation patterns in the flavedo. Outside fruit flavedo accumulated significantly higher concentrations of Ca and Mg in all three seasons (2005–2007). In contrast, inside fruit flavedo (shaded fruit) accumulated significantly higher levels of K compared with outside fruit flavedo. The accumulation of K and Ca differed from that of kiwifruit and apple in that Ca concentration increased and K decreased towards maturity. These results suggest that xylem, as in citrus leaves, is the main vasculature supply conduit to the citrus fruit flavedo for mineral nutrients. The reduction of transpiration potential by lower temperatures and higher humidity inside the canopy could be responsible for the reduced accumulation of Ca and Mg. The high K concentration of inside fruit flavedo is suggested to be a stress response, due to the low light levels, to maintain osmotic potential in the shaded rind tissue, and this imbalance could possibly lead to a reduction in rind condition, which manifests through rind breakdown symptom development.

► Fruit positioned in the outside of the canopy accumulated higher concentrations of Ca and Mg and lower K in their flavedo compared to inside fruit. ► The accumulation concentration of Ca increased whereas the K decreased towards maturity of the flavedo. ► Fruit position influenced the pedicel diameter, resulting in a smaller diameter for the inside fruit. ► Inside fruit had a higher incidence of rind breakdown compared to fruit developing in the outside of the canopy.