Stronger multi-commodity flow formulations of the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem

•We present several new formulations for the classical “Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem”.•We survey other previous flow-based formulations.•We show that our new formulations have desired properties.•We prove that the linear programming relaxations of the new formulations give better bounds.•We analyse computational results to compare the known and new formulations.

The Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem   is a much-studied (and strongly NPNP-hard) combinatorial optimization problem, for which many integer programming formulations have been proposed. We present two new multi-commodity flow (MCF) formulations, and show that they dominate all of the existing ones, in the sense that their continuous relaxations yield stronger lower bounds. Moreover, we show that the relaxations can be strengthened, in pseudo-polynomial time, in such a way that all of the so-called knapsack large multistar   (KLM) inequalities are satisfied. The only other relaxation known to satisfy the KLM inequalities, based on set partitioning, is strongly NPNP-hard to solve. Computational results demonstrate that the new MCF relaxations are significantly stronger than the previously known ones.