Accurate state of charge assessment of lithium-manganese dioxide primary batteries

The SOC assessment method was initially developed by us for rechargeable lithium ion battery systems. It surprisingly applies to primary batteries too despite cathode processes are irreversible in nature. It is suggested the method may extend to online SOC assessment owing to an imbedded chip, which collects and processes voltage and temperature data to convert them into thermodynamics data. The method can also be used to characterize MnO2 materials from the thermodynamics properties perspective and to trace Li/MnO2 cell manufacturer.