Alternating voltage induced ordered anatase TiO2 nanopores: An electrochemical investigation of sodium storage

Anatase TiO2 nanopores are successfully prepared through alternating voltage induced electrochemical synthesis (AVIES) approach at room temperature. When utilizing TiO2 nanoporous materials as an anode for Na-ion battery, it delivers a reversible charge-discharge capacity of around 180 mA h g−1 at 0.2 C (67 mA g−1) after 200 cycles. Meanwhile, it also shows a good cycling performance and a high rate capability due to unique nanoporous structures, which promote electrolyte wetting and facilitate diffusion of Na+. Additionally, cyclic voltammetry demonstrate that the sodium-ion storage of as-prepared TiO2 is a cooperative control behavior of diffusion and capacitance, but mainly controlled by capacitive behavior, which further facilitates a rapid (de-)intercalation of Na+.