Two orchids, one scent? Floral volatiles of Catasetum cernuum and Gongora bufonia suggest convergent evolution to a unique pollination niche

•Two orchid species from different lineages rely on a single pollinating bee species.•Their floral scents share a unique blend of volatile organic compounds (VOCs).•(E)-β-ocimene and (E)-epoxyocimene compose large proportions of both species' scent.•(E)-β-ocimene and/or (E)-epoxyocimene may enhance pollinator specificity.•Scent-oriented pollinators may have driven convergent evolution of these orchids.

Floral volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are important signals in plant-pollinator communication and thus subjected to olfactory-mediated selection. Occasionally, phylogenetically unrelated plant species will converge towards similar patterns of floral scent signalling to harness pollinators, representing a common adaptive pollination niche. Catasetum cernuum and Gongora bufonia, epiphytic orchids that are native to the Atlantic Forest of southeastern South America, are exclusively pollinated by male Eufriesea violacea orchid-bees; we hypothesised that the two species have converged towards similar floral scent compositions to effectively attract these particular fragrance-seeking floral visitors. The similarity of the chemical composition of floral scent samples obtained through headspace collection was tested using multiple approaches of multivariate analyses (Multiple Response Permutation Procedure-MRPP). According to MRPP, floral scents of C. cernuum and G. bufonia are significantly different. Additionally, the floral scents of C. cernuum and G. bufonia present (E)-β-ocimene and (E)-epoxyocimene as their major compounds, respectively. (E)-β-ocimene is a common constituent of floral scents from euglossine-pollinated orchids, while (E)-epoxyocimene is quite rare in orchids' floral scents and it is found in only a few other species which occur outside the distribution range of C. cernuum, G. bufonia and E. violacea. However, 12 out of the 34 identified VOCs, including (E)-β-ocimene and (E)-epoxyocimene, are shared between both species. Therefore, we assume that both (E)-β-ocimene and (E)-epoxyocimene, either alone or mixed with other floral VOCs, play a major role in the specific association between these two orchids and their exclusive euglossine pollinator.

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