Time-budget constraints for cows with high milking frequency on farms with automatic milking systems

Cows with a relatively high milking frequency may face some trade-offs in their time-budget allocation, since the increased time spent by them in the waiting area at night as well as their shorter lying bouts might affect their welfare, health and performance. Nevertheless, the overall daily time budget for lying and feeding, and hence the welfare of cows with both a relatively high or low milking frequency, suffered no obvious adverse effects.