Breed differences in maternal behaviour in relation to lamb (Ovis orientalis aries) productivity

The fundamental precondition to the survival and development of lambs is the formation of a close and exclusive bond between the ewe and her lambs. Maternal behaviour plays an important role in the establishment of this bond, and it is influenced by several factors including genotype. The aim of the present study was to detect differences in maternal behaviour in ewes (n = 602) of five different breeds during periods of separation from their lambs (n = 1003) and to relate the behaviour measurements in ewes to productivity traits of the lambs. Sheep belonged to one of the following German sheep breeds that have evolved under different husbandry intensities (in order from most to least intensive): Merino Landschaf (ML), Deutsches Schwarzköpfiges Fleischschaf (BH), Weißes Deutsches Bergschaf (MS), Rhönschaf (RS), and Graue Gehörnte Heidschnucke (GS). Within 12-24 h after birth, lambs were separated from their dams, and dams were scored for maternal behaviour such as vocalising and activity during separation and sniffing and licking after reunification. GS showed highest rates (P < 0.001) of vocalisation during separation, whereas BH showed lowest rates. Both BH and RS showed lower rates of activity during separation than ML and GS. Behaviour after reunification did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) between breeds. Older ewes showed more interest in their offspring (P < 0.05) and had lambs with higher birth weights (P < 0.05). Significant (P < 0.01) correlations and relationships were found between maternal behaviour and breed, mortality rate and birth weights. Therefore, it can be concluded that maternal behaviour differs between the observed breeds, potentially implying animal-welfare benefits under the given husbandry conditions for some breeds. Further research is required to establish to what extent within-breed selection for maternal behaviour may further improve animal-welfare and economy of sheep farming.