Article ID | Journal | Published Year | Pages | File Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
5909608 | Infection, Genetics and Evolution | 2014 | 13 Pages |
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide, and is advanced by severe viral hepatitis B or C (HBV or HCV) as well as alcoholic liver disease. Many patients with early disease are asymptomatic therefore HCC is frequently diagnosed late requiring costly surgical resection or transplantation. The available non-invasive detections systems are based on the clinical utility of alpha fetoprotein (AFP) measurement, together with ultrasound and other more sensitive imaging techniques. The hallmark of liver disease and its propensity to develop into fully blown HCC is depended on several factors including the host genetic make-up and immune responses. While common symptoms involve diarrhea, bone pain, dyspnea, intraperitoneal bleeding, obstructive jaundice, and paraneoplastic syndrome, the evolution of cell and immune markers is important to understand viral induced liver cancers in humans. The circulating miRNA, cell and immune based HCC biomarkers are imperative candidates to successfully develop strategies to restrain liver injury. The current molecular genetics and proteomic analysis have lead to the identification of number of key biomarkers for HCC for earlier diagnosis and more effective treatment of HCC patients. In this review article, we provide latest updates on the biomarkers of HBV or HCV-associated HCC and their co-evolutionary relationship with liver cancer.
Keywords
PIVKA-IIFGFMIRCD36AFUDenFNABCD10Glypican-3CK7HGFFNACCK19DCPHBV/HCVGPC3CXCRTh2SCARB1sFRPSCARB2SCCATNFNAFLDGP73EGFRMMPEGFICCGGTIL-6TGF-β1MALDI-TOFCLDHCCLC–MST-helper 2α-fetoproteinγ-Glutamyl transferaseSTATSquamous cell carcinoma antigennonalcoholic steatohepatitisfatty acid translocaseinterleukin 6Chronic liver diseasenon-alcoholic fatty liver diseaseFine needle aspiration biopsyTransforming growth factor-β1Serial analysis of gene expressionAFPmatrix-assisted laser desorption/ionizationSAGEcluster of differentiation 36des-gamma-carboxy prothrombindiethylnitrosaminefine needle aspiration cytologycytokeratin 19Cytokeratin 7epidermal growth factorHepatocyte growth factorVascular endothelial growth factorVascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)fibroblast growth factortumor necrosis factorSELDI-TOFphosphatase and tensin homologmatrix metalloproteinaseSignal transducer and activator of transcriptionMiRNABiomarkersNash Hepatitis virusesSecreted frizzled-related proteinsprognosisFatPtenHepatocellular carcinomaCALLAgripsEpidermal growth factor receptorscavenger receptor class B member 1
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Authors
Shilu Mathew, Ashraf Ali, Hany Abdel-Hafiz, Kaneez Fatima, Mohd Suhail, Govindaraju Archunan, Nargis Begum, Syed Jahangir, Muhammad Ilyas, Adeel G.A. Chaudhary, Mohammad Al Qahtani, Salem Mohamad Bazarah, Ishtiaq Qadri,