Adding complexity to the complex: New insights into the phylogeny, diversification and origin of parthenogenesis in the Aporrectodea caliginosa species complex (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae)

► New species belonged phylogenetically to the A. caliginosa species complex. Most of the species are poly- or para-phyletic. ► Parthenogenetic lineages of A. trapezoides clustered together with different sexual species; their diversification is basal. ► Diversification of the complex occurred during Late Miocene-Early Pliocene. ► The origin of parthenogenesis seems to be multiple, and occurred in different epochs in both lineages recovered. ► The used methods for species delimitation based on sequences did not recover the studied morphological species.