Article ID | Journal | Published Year | Pages | File Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
6293372 | Ecological Indicators | 2016 | 10 Pages |
Abstract
Time series of values of ingenious parameters indicating ecosystem services from European beech and Norway spruce ecosystems at Solling, Germany, were evaluated with respect to resilient or adaptive behaviour. Studied indicators comprise the use of monitoring data with up to more than 40 years of observation on deposition of potential acidity, sulphate (SO42â) budgets, exchangeable base cation pools, Bc/Al ratio in soil solution, nitrogen (N) budgets, foliar nutrition as indicated by the foliar Bc/N ratio, and defoliation. Deposition of potential acidity decreased considerably at both ecosystems. SO42â budgets reveal retention of sulphur in the soils affecting acid/base budgets. Exchangeable base cation pools decreased at both ecosystems by about 60%. Bc/Al ratio in soil solution in the mineral soil was mostly below critical limits indicating potential toxic stress to tree roots. N retention in the soils decreased from about 40 kg haâ1 yrâ1 in the 1970s to currently very low rates of 0-20 kg haâ1 yrâ1 indicating increasing N saturation. Foliar Bc/N ratio decreased at the spruce ecosystem indicating possible nutrient imbalances. Defoliation at both Solling ecosystems is on a high level compared to other forests in Germany, but reveals no distinct relation to soil acidification or N saturation. From the selected indicators, SO42â and N budgets reveal resilient behaviour, whereas indicators related to the acid/base status tend to adaptive behaviour.
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Authors
Henning Meesenburg, Bernd Ahrends, Stefan Fleck, Markus Wagner, Heike Fortmann, Birte Scheler, Uwe Klinck, Inge Dammann, Johannes Eichhorn, Michael Mindrup, Karl Josef Meiwes,