Coupling boreal forest CO2, H2O and energy flows by a vertically structured forest canopy - Soil model with separate bryophyte layer

The model framework allows for (1) coupling above-ground with the soil domains through the feedbacks between soil water and vegetation mediated by the moss layer, (2) several vascular plant species or cohorts in a multi-species canopy, and (3) explicit treatment of bryophyte layer energy and water balance and bottom layer - atmosphere exchange. These features make APES well-suited for exploring feedbacks between boreal forest structure, site conditions and vegetation processes controlling ecosystem-atmosphere exchange.