Blue tongue - A modelling examination of fundamentals - Seasonality and chaos

•A deterministic within-farm model for blue tongue disease in cattle is constructed.•This is important because of the increasing impact of the disease due to continued global warming.•The model makes use of a recently suggested modification of logistic growth used for the vectors, which can greatly affect early disease dynamics.•Autonomous oscillations may occur if loss of host resistivity to the virus is included, depending on host-vector coupling coefficients. Adding seasonal vector mortality can then give rise to chaos.•Placental disease transmission to offspring has little effect on disease progress.

A deterministic mathematical model is developed for the dynamics of bluetongue disease within a single farm. The purpose is to examine widely the possible behaviours which may occur. This is important because of the increasing impact of blue tongue due to global warming. The model incorporates a recently suggested modification of logistic growth for the vectors which can greatly affect early disease dynamics and employs a variable number of up to 10 sequential pools for incubating vectors and for incubating and infectious hosts. Ten sequential pools represent the possible loss of immunity of recovered hosts over a 3-year period.After formally describing the model, the impact of the two logistic growth scenarios considered is examined in Section 3.1. The scenarios are applied with parameters that give identical long-term consequences but the early dynamics can be greatly affected. In the two scenarios, the effect of varying the assumed constant birth rate (scenario 1) or constant mortality rates (scenario 2) is considered.If the recovered (and immune) hosts, are assumed to lose their immunity, then, given particular values of the host-vector coupling constants, the system can exhibit autonomous oscillations (Section 3.2).Seasonality is represented by air temperature, and it is assumed that air temperatures below a threshold can increase vector mortality (Section 3.3). Adding seasonal effects on mortality to the autonomous oscillations resulting from recovered and resistant hosts losing immunity can give rise to chaos (Section 3.4). This could help explain the unusual persistence and re-occurrence of the disease.Finally (Section 3.5), the roles of host birth and mortality rates in examined, particularly in relation to placental transmission of the virus to offspring. It is concluded that the latter does not make an appreciable contribution to disease dynamics.