Gentle interactions decrease the fear of humans in dairy heifers independently of early experience of stroking

The experience of gentle interactions as calves did not have a long-term effect on their avoidance distance before the treatment. Regular positive interactions may be necessary to maintain a good relationship with humans. Heifers seemed to perceive the treatment as pleasurable and displayed a very strong and consistent reduction in avoidance distance, indicating reduced fear of humans and increased confidence. Gentle tactile and vocal interactions may be a suitable method to improve heifers' relationship with humans and their quality of life.