Convergent space-time tree regeneration patterns along an elevation gradient at high altitude in the Alps

Significant differences in stand structure, composition and history in addition to differences in species autoecology, mode and strategy of seed dispersal and growth are not enough to result in parallel differences in the distribution patterns of regeneration. Given that successful regeneration is one of the most significant bottlenecks for high elevation forest maintenance, any management approach should take this into account in order to better sustain the future stand structure and dynamics with likely future changes in environmental conditions.