Hemlock woolly adelgid in the southern Appalachians: Control strategies, ecological impacts, and potential management responses

► Hemlock woolly adelgid is a non-native invasive pest that kills eastern hemlock. ► Despite control efforts, large areas in the southern Appalachians have extensive hemlock mortality. ► We review the state-of-the-science on control efforts, effects, and restoration of impacted stands. ► Long-term impacts of hemlock mortality on ecosystem structure and function could be significant. ► Restoration efforts may require novel approaches to restore desired conditions.