Relationship between local residents' perceptions, attitudes and participation towards national protected areas: A case study of Phou Khao Khouay National Protected Area, central Lao PDR

► We model and hypothesise local participation from their perceptions and attitudes. ► Respondents held favourable perceptions and attitudes towards the area. ► Results showed positive perceptions and attitudes increased local participation. ► Higher income respondents had constructive perceptions, attitudes and participation. ► To increase participation level, more income generating activities must be promoted.