How to manage resources to provide physical layer security: Active versus passive adversary?

This paper studies the required physical (e.g. relays and jammers) and radio resources (e.g. power) to provide physical layer security for relay and friendly jammer assisted multiple-input and single-output transmissions in the presence of multiple active and passive adversaries. The passive adversaries are half duplex and only able to overhear the transmissions from the legitimate transmitter to the legitimate receiver, while the active adversaries are full duplex and able to jam and eavesdrop simultaneously. Since the channel information between adversaries and other nodes are uncertain, robust optimization methods are considered. In this regard, the main aim is to maximize the worst case secrecy rate subject to the normalized transmit power constraints of legitimate transmitter, friendly jammer and relay, and channel state information uncertainty constraints. Through several examples, we then investigate the required increase in physical and radio resources to maintain secure communication when passive adversaries upgrades themselves to active adversaries.