Performance variation of dark current density-voltage characteristics for PID-affected monocrystalline silicon solar modules from the field

(a) Forward and (b) reverse dark J-V curves for three substrings of module 2. (c) Forward and (d) reverse dark J-V curves for three substrings of module 3. The dark J-V curves were measured at room temperature. The J-V curves for substrings of the module are normalized in voltage based on a single cell.292