Tour leaders' job crafting: Scale development

Job crafting is an emerging construct that has been applied in various disciplines but remains largely unexplored in the tourism industry. The purpose of this study was to develop a scale for measuring tour leaders' job crafting. First, focus group interviews and content analysis were conducted to generate the initial items. Second, two surveys involving respective sample sizes of 268 and 253 were conducted. Through a rigorous development process, the 30-item four-dimensional tour leaders' job crafting scale was proven to have reliability and validity. This study extends current knowledge of the field of job crafting in the tourism industry and provides a foundation for further investigation of tour leaders' job crafting and the relationships between the related constructs. The scale provides a useful tool for tour leaders to understand their own job crafting level. Furthermore, the results can serve as a reference for managers in recruiting and training tour leaders.