Experimental and mathematical studies on cycle life of rechargeable hybrid aqueous batteries

Rechargeable hybrid aqueous batteries (ReHABs) were constructed from LiMn2O4 cathode, aqueous electrolyte containing ZnSO4 and Li2SO4, and polished zinc foil anode. Cyclability data were obtained from a Neware battery tester and the data were modeled by the particle filter method. This method exhibits superior performance in both tracking and predicting the cyclability behavior of ReHABs. Data from both Swagelok and coin cells are modeled successfully and the results show that the non-linear term in the model of Swagelok batteries is larger than that in the model of coin cells. This nonlinear term is varied versus battery types. This fact shows the versatility of the particle filter method in modeling different types of batteries. This finding is crucial because it proves the suitability of particle filter method as a promising candidate in the evaluation of battery cycle life, without the need for running batteries till the end of life, which may take up to a few thousands of cycles and last for several months or years.