Species composition and community structure of western Himalayan moist temperate forests in Kashmir

The phytosociological attributes of western Himalayan moist temperate forests were investigated in Bagh district, Kashmir. Detailed sampling was carried out in 180 forest stands (30 × 30 m) at 13 sites. Average number of vascular plant species found per site was between 30 and 40; Menhinick’s Richness was 0.93–1.63; Simpson’s Diversity Index between 0.75 and 2.27; Shannon’s Evenness between 0.21 and 0.71; the Maturity Index 38 to 53. Species diversity and community structure patterns were significantly correlated to environmental variables including altitude and slope inclination as well as intensity of anthropogenic pressure. Abies pindrow and Pinus wallichiana showed exclusive dominance comprising 30% of Importance Value Index (IVI) weight age of all 122 recorded species. Forest ground flora was dominated by grasses of the Poaceae. Average tree density was 151 ha−1 whereas basal area was estimated as 68.8 m2 ha−1. A stem/stump value of 1.62 indicated immense tree felling and logging pressure on local forests. A disturbed forest regeneration pattern was indicated by an average seedling count of 124 ha−1. A negative correlation (CCA) was found between diversity and richness with altitudinal gradient as well as slope and aspect. Diversity values were similar, whereas tree density, basal area and seedling count were lower, compared to other Himalayan forest sites. These results indicate a deteriorated forest structure and reduced regeneration pattern, demanding immediate attention of forest management authorities.

► Phytosociological attributes of western Himalayan moist temperate forests were investigated. ► Environmental factors effecting forest structure were identified by multivariate analyses. ► Forest showed deteriorated regeneration pattern and intense anthropogenic pressure. ► Immediate attention is required for conservation management of these forests.