Potential for novel production of omega-3 long-chain fatty acids by genetically engineered oilseed plants to alter terrestrial ecosystem dynamics

Two bioactive omega-3, long-chain, fatty acids (EPA and DHA), found in algal and fish oils, can now be produced in genetically engineered (GE) terrestrial oilseed crops. These fatty acids are involved in key physiological functions in invertebrates and vertebrates. They are known to be synthesized by primary producers in aquatic ecosystems, but not by terrestrial crop plants. Thus, the production of EPA and DHA by GE seed oil crops represents a fundamental shift in the accessibility of bioactive fatty acids to terrestrial consumers; one that may change their physiology and survival thereby altering ecological interactions among terrestrial organisms. Here we discuss the potential ecological and evolutionary consequences of the novel production of EPA and DHA by GE oilseed crops.