Life histories and mating system aspects of two Caucasian scorpionfly species: Panorpa similis Esben-Petersen and Panorpa connexa Mac Lachlan

Panorpa similis Esben-Petersen and Panorpa connexa MacLachlan are the most prominent Mecoptera in the Caucasian region. As our knowledge of mating systems and life histories of the different Panorpa species is unsatisfactory, it is the purpose of this contribution to add some interesting information on the life histories and mating behaviour of these two species. Further, we present results on successful breeding of these species, both in the field and the laboratory. Our data suggest that both species are monovoltine under the natural conditions in the Caucasian region, although our breeding experiments revealed a cryptic photoperiodic responsibility in a certain percentage of individuals of Panorpa connexa, which is completely absent in Panorpa similis. First, results on temporally and spatially differing foraging manners of the two species are presented. Male mating tactics of both species comprise copulations with one salivary mass as nuptial gift or copulations without any nuptial gift, but always without the use of force. This paper also gives information on egg deposition, egg hatching and larval development. Finally, we compare aspects of the mating systems for both species with those that have already been investigated for other Panorpa species.