Simulating carbon balance at treeline for krummholz and dwarf tree growth forms

The results show that canopy type is an important factor to consider when modeling the alpine treeline. The results also suggest avenues for future modification to the ATE-BGC model. The inclusion of a mechanism to allow for a physiognomic switch (dwarf tree to krummholz or krummholz to dwarf tree) would benefit future simulations of treeline response to climate change.