The effect of 4-nonylphenol on semen quality, viability of gametes, fertilization success, and embryo and larvae survival in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Sperm motility was not affected by 4-nonylphenol as sperm motility rate, swimming velocity, swimming pattern and motility duration were similar in water and in water containing of 100, 250, or 750 ng l−1 4-nonylphenol. Incubation of eggs in physiological saline solution containing of 100, 250, or 750 ng l−1 4-nonylphenol did not change their fertilizability in comparison to the control. Therefore, 4-nonylphenol did not affect the egg viability. Also the fertilization process (sperm egg contact) was not influenced by 4-nonylphenol as the fertilization rate (percentage of hatched larvae) was similar to the control when eggs were fertilized in water containing of 100, 250, or 750 ng l−1 4-nonylphenol.