High toxicity of the novel bloom-forming species Chattonella ovata (Raphidophyceae) to cultured fish

A toxicological study of an axenic cell line of novel species Chattonella ovata Y. Hara et Chihara (Raphidophyceae) revealed that cultured species of sea bream (Pagrus major), horse mackerel (Trachurus japonicus), and yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) were killed by 4.1-6.8 × 103, 5.4 × 103, and 2.8 × 103 cells/mL, respectively. The sensitivity of the gill lamellae to C. ovata differed among the fish species tested. This finding revealed that C. ovata was highly toxic to the cultured fish. Histological examination showed that edema and hyperplasia of the secondary gill lamellae of red sea bream and horse mackerel occurred when exposed to, or killed by C. ovata, whereas severe damage in the gill lamellae was not observed in yellowtail. Chattonella produced high amounts of superoxide anion radicals and hydrogen peroxide, possibly responsible for the fish death observed. Based on the results of this study and occurrence of a red tide by this organism in China in 2001, we consider this organism to be one of the harmful algae in coastal waters. This is the first report demonstrating that C. ovata is highly toxic to fish, and that it produces superoxide and hydrogen peroxide.