Occurrences of Prorocentrum minimum (Pavillard) in México

Prorocentrum minimum is a planktonic dinoflagellate known to produce red tides that can be harmful. To recognize localities and understand occurrences of Prorocentrum minimum blooms in Mexico, published data of plankton from 1942 to present, as well as unpublished data from the authors, were reviewed. Studies and reports covered marine and coastal waters of México during different periods. Presence of P. minimum were reported in the Pacific coast, Gulf of California, Gulf of México, and the Caribbean, but blooms have been only reported since 1990. Thirteen bloom events were recorded. Six occurred in shrimp ponds and seven near aquaculture regions or coastal areas where intensive agriculture is practiced. Most of the blooms can be associated with damage to the surrounding marine biota either in aquaculture ponds or open waters. Direct toxicity has not been fully evaluated, but data suggest that low oxygen may not easily explain all of the damage. Interestingly, for yet unknown reasons, cells belonging to the triangular morphotype have seldom been reported in México.