Effect of microsites, logs and ungulate browsing on Picea abies regeneration in a mountain forest

Browsing was higher on the montane than on the subalpine level, regardless of the microsite types and the proximity of logs. Shrubs and logs did not reduce the browsing intensity. In contrast, more Picea saplings were browsed close or under logs than far away from logs on the montane level. Hence, logs cannot be considered as obstacles for chamois in these snag stands.