Database forensic analysis through internal structure carving

There exists a number of database-specific tools developed for emergency database recovery, though not usually for forensic analysis of a database. In this paper, we present a universal tool that seamlessly supports many different databases, rebuilding table and other data content from any remaining storage fragments on disk or in memory. We define an approach for automatically (with minimal user intervention) reverse engineering storage in new databases, for detecting volatile data changes and discovering user action artifacts. Finally, we empirically verify our tool's ability to recover both deleted and partially corrupted data directly from the internal storage of different databases.