Molecular differentiation of Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae based on species–specific sequence differences in a protein coding gene

Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae are two microsporidian pathogens of the European honey bee, Apis mellifera. There is evidence that N. ceranae is more virulent than N. apis subject to environmental factors like climate. This makes N. ceranae one of the suspects in the increasing colony losses recently observed in many regions of the world. Correct differentiation between N. apis and N. ceranae is important and best accomplished by molecular methods. So far only protocols based on species–specific sequence differences in the 16S rRNA gene are available. However, recent studies indicated that these methods may lead to confusing results due to polymorphisms in and recombination between the multi-copy 16S rRNA genes. To solve this problem and to provide a reliable molecular tool for the differentiation between the two bee pathogenic microsporidia we here present and evaluate a duplex-PCR protocol based on species–specific sequence differences in the highly conserved gene coding for the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II largest subunit. A total of 102 honey bee samples were analyzed by the novel PCR protocol and the results were compared with the results of the originally published PCR–RFLP analysis and two recently published differentiation protocols, based on 16S rRNA sequence differences. Although the novel PCR protocol proved to be as reliable as the 16S rRNA gene based PCR–RFLP it was superior to simple 16S rRNA based PCR protocols which tended to overestimate the rate of N. ceranae infections. Therefore, we propose that species–specific sequence differences of highly conserved protein coding genes should become the preferred molecular tool for differentiation of Nosema spp.

Graphical abstractFigure optionsDownload full-size imageDownload as PowerPoint slideHighlights► Novel, reliable protocol for differentiation of N. apis and N. ceranae. ► Protocol is based on sequence differences in a protein coding gene. ► N. ceranae overestimation and N. apis underestimation by 16S rRNA based methods.