Wettability regulated gram-negative bacterial adhesion on biomimetic hierarchical structures

Gram-negative bacterial adhesion is well-controlled on different wettable surfaces with a constant hierarchical structure, which is proved to be regulated by a lipopolysaccharide layer of the bacterial shell. The study not only enables the understanding of wettability regulated gram-bacteria adhesion under biomimetic environment, but also provides a methodology for exceptional/superior/effective/excellent/good control over bacterial adhesion by the proper design of wettable surface structures.