Wave-averaged properties in a submerged canopy: Energy density, energy flux, radiation stresses and Stokes drift

The relation between the wave energy density and the wave energy flux, i.e. the vegetated group velocity of the wave energy density, is of practical importance for large scale wave modelling. The modification to the vegetated group velocity relative to that derived from linear wave theory on non-dissipative waves is described. It is seen that the corrections to linear wave theory are of Hγ, where γ is in the interval 1.5-2.0.