Article ID | Journal | Published Year | Pages | File Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
8882731 | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | 2018 | 32 Pages |
Abstract
In all three experiments, orbital tightening increased from before to after tagging and microchipping (pâ¯<â¯0.0001), whereas the behaviours of looking around (pâ¯<â¯0.01) and struggling (pâ¯<â¯0.05) decreased. Blinking (pâ¯<â¯0.05) decreased in Experiments 1 and 2 while trembling (pâ¯<â¯0.01) decreased only in Experiment 1. Inter-observer reliability ranged from râ¯=â¯0.82 to 0.92 for these five types of behaviour. In Experiment 2, sham treatment produced no similar changes. In Experiment 3, the procedures produced similar changes likely because the single analgesic/dosage tested was ineffective. For both observers, the subjective scoring of presence or absence of pain corresponded closely to whether or not the procedures had been performed (95% correspondence for experienced and 89% for inexperienced). These results show promise for facial expressions and other behaviours to be used to assess potentially painful procedures in seals.
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Authors
Amelia Mari MacRae, I. Joanna Makowska, David Fraser,