Article ID | Journal | Published Year | Pages | File Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
2586032 | Food and Chemical Toxicology | 2009 | 8 Pages |
Abstract
Kola nut extract is used in the food industry as a flavoring ingredient. Kola nut extract is derived from the seeds of primarily two tropical Cola species (Cola nitida (Vent.) Schott et Endl. or Cola acuminata (Beauv.) Schott et Endl.) of the Family, Sterculiaceae. Present day consumption of kola nut extract is 0.69Â mg/kg/day. Caffeine and theobromine are two important constituents of kola nuts. Although limited biological data are available for kola nut extract specifically, the published data of the major constituents of kola nuts suggest the pharmacological/toxicological properties of kola nut extract, parallel to those of a roughly equivalent dose of caffeine. Frank developmental/reproductive effects have not been reported and changes in offspring cannot be extrapolated to humans. A NOEL/NOAEL cannot be defined for repeated oral exposure to kola nut extract from available data. Notwithstanding the foregoing, U.S. consumers have a history of safe consumption of cola-type beverages containing kola nut extract that dates at least to the late 19th Century, with a significant global history of exposure to the intact kola nuts that date centuries longer.
Keywords
PADIFEMAMRCApMDIFDARIFMUSDAIOFINASOTCCASMSDIGRASMarket Research Corporation of AmericaCFRFCCResearch Institute for Fragrance MaterialsIARC یا International Agency for Research on CancerInternational Agency for Research on CancerNational Academy of SciencesEuropean Uniongenerally recognized as safeover-the-counterEuropean CommunityChemical Abstracts ServiceUnited States Department of AgricultureFood and Drug AdministrationToxicityCouncil of EuropeFood additivepossible average daily intakeCoeno observed (adverse) effect levelBurdockCode of Federal Regulations
Related Topics
Life Sciences
Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Food Science
Authors
George A. Burdock, Ioana G. Carabin, Christine M. Crincoli,