ReviewAntimicrobial resistance monitoring and surveillance in the meat chain: A report from five countries in the European Union and European Economic Area

•The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in zoonotic foodborne pathogens.•Resistant zoonotic bacteria compromise the effective treatment in humans.•AMR monitoring and surveillance programmes reviewed in 5 EU/EEA countries.•Sampling, susceptibility testing, clinical and epidemiological cut-off values.•Integrated AMR monitoring in food animals, food and humans in the whole meat chain.

BackgroundThe emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in zoonotic foodborne pathogens (Salmonella, Campylobacter) and indicator microorganisms (E. coli, enterococci) is a major public health risk. Zoonotic bacteria, resistant to antimicrobials, are of special concern because they might compromise the effective treatment of infections in humans.Scope and approachIn this review, the AMR monitoring and surveillance programmes in five selected countries within European Union (EU) and European Economic Area (EEA) are described. The sampling schemes, susceptibility testing for AMR identification, clinical breakpoints (clinical resistance) and epidemiological cut-off values (microbiological resistance) were considered to reflect on the most important variations between and within food-producing animal species, between countries, and to identify the most effective approach to tackle and manage the antimicrobial resistance in the food chain.Key findings and conclusionsThe science-based monitoring of AMR should encompass the whole food chain, supported with public health surveillance and should be conducted in accordance with 'Zoonoses Directive' (99/2003/EC). Such approach encompasses the integrated AMR monitoring in food animals, food and humans in the whole food (meat) chain continuum, e.g. pre-harvest (on-farm), harvest (in abattoir) and post-harvest (at retail). The information on AMR in critically important antimicrobials (CIA) for human medicine should be of particular importance.